Понимание принципов работы экскаваторного поворотного устройства (роторного распределителя)

Excavators are among the most versatile and essential machines on a construction site. Their ability to rotate the housing and arm multiple times in both directions allows operators to efficiently reposition the bucket, adjust the digging angle, and transport materials with remarkable ease. This continuous, omnidirectional rotation is a key feature that enhances the functionality and flexibility of excavators, making them invaluable for various construction tasks.

While the concept of rotation might seem straightforward, the mechanics behind it are quite sophisticated. The seamless rotation of the excavator is achieved through a combination of advanced components and clever engineering. One of the critical yet often overlooked components involved in this process is the swivel, also known as the rotary distributor. Despite its seemingly simple design, the swivel plays a crucial role in connecting the upper and lower hydraulic systems of the excavator, allowing them to operate independently while facilitating smooth rotation.

In this detailed guide, we’ll explore how the excavator swivel works, its importance, common issues that may arise, and its applications beyond excavators.

What Does the Swivel (Rotary Distributor) Do on an Excavator?

To fully grasp the function of the swivel in an excavator, it’s essential to understand the basic structure of the machine. An excavator consists of two main parts: the upper structure (often referred to as the house) and the lower structure (the undercarriage). The upper structure includes the cab, engine, and boom, while the lower structure houses the components responsible for moving the entire machine.

Many of the excavator’s functions rely on hydraulic power, with hydraulic hoses connecting the upper hydraulic controls, pumps, and valves to the lower motors and final drives. This setup can create a complex network of hoses that may become tangled or damaged due to the machine’s rotation. The swivel addresses this challenge by providing a solution that allows hydraulic connections to rotate without entanglement or disruption.

By using a rotary union, the swivel connects the hydraulic hoses from the upper and lower parts of the excavator. It enables the free movement of hydraulic fluid between these sections while accommodating the machine’s rotation. This smart design prevents the hoses from twisting, tangling, or tearing, thus ensuring uninterrupted hydraulic flow and reliable operation.

How Does an Excavator Swivel Work?

The excavator swivel is a critical component designed to facilitate the smooth rotation of the machine while maintaining a continuous hydraulic connection. It consists of a center shaft and an outer housing, with fluid passages integrated into both parts.

The basic operation of the swivel involves:

1. Center Shaft and Housing: The swivel features a center shaft that rotates independently within an outer housing. The shaft is equipped with holes that channel hydraulic fluid into specific pathways, known as inner barrels, within the housing.
2. Fluid Passage: Hydraulic fluid flows from the center shaft through these inner barrels and exits or enters the housing through designated ports. This design allows the hydraulic fluid to move seamlessly despite the rotation of the excavator.
3. Bearings and Seals: Bearings within the swivel enable the center shaft to rotate smoothly relative to the housing. Seals at each end of the inner barrels contain the hydraulic fluid, preventing leaks and maintaining efficient fluid transfer.
4. Independent Rotation: Because the center shaft can move independently of the housing, the excavator’s upper and lower sections can rotate freely in both directions and even complete multiple revolutions around the swivel’s center point. This capability is essential for the machine’s versatile operation and functionality.

What Are Common Problems in an Excavator Swivel?

Despite its robust design, the excavator swivel can encounter issues over time. Common problems include hydraulic leaks and component wear.

1. Hydraulic Leaks: Hydraulic leaks are a prevalent issue in swivel systems. These leaks can be either external or internal. External leaks are visible at connections or seals, while internal leaks occur when the seals within the swivel’s inner barrels degrade, allowing fluid to escape. Both types of leaks can lead to decreased hydraulic efficiency, increased wear on components, and reduced overall performance.
2. Component Wear: The bearings and seals within the swivel are subject to wear and tear due to friction and continuous operation. Even in a well-lubricated system, these parts have a limited lifespan and will eventually require replacement or repair to maintain optimal functionality.

Regular inspection and maintenance of the swivel are crucial to address these issues promptly and prevent further damage to the excavator’s hydraulic system.

What Are Other Uses of a Swivel?

The design principles of the excavator swivel are not limited to construction machinery. The concept of a rotary union, also known as a rotary manifold or fluid swivel, is utilized in various applications beyond excavators. This design allows for the free passage of fluids or gases while maintaining rotational movement, making it suitable for:

• Cranes: Swivels are used in cranes to enable smooth rotation while managing hydraulic or electrical connections.
• Wind Turbines: They facilitate the rotation of turbine blades while handling hydraulic or electrical systems.
• Industrial Equipment: Many types of machinery use swivels to manage fluid or gas flow during rotational movements.

These applications demonstrate the versatility and importance of the swivel design in various industrial contexts.

Заключение

The excavator swivel is a vital component that plays a significant role in the machine’s ability to rotate smoothly and efficiently. By connecting the upper and lower hydraulic systems while allowing for independent rotation, the swivel ensures uninterrupted hydraulic flow and optimal performance. Understanding how the swivel works, recognizing common issues, and appreciating its broader applications can help in maintaining and troubleshooting excavators effectively.

ВОПРОСЫ И ОТВЕТЫ

1. What are the primary functions of an excavator swivel?

• The excavator swivel connects the upper and lower hydraulic systems, allowing for smooth rotation and continuous hydraulic flow without entangling hoses.

1. How does the swivel facilitate independent rotation in an excavator?

• The swivel uses a center shaft and outer housing with fluid passages, allowing the shaft to rotate independently while maintaining fluid transfer through inner barrels and ports.

1. What are common problems associated with excavator swivels?

• Common problems include hydraulic leaks (both external and internal) and wear on bearings and seals, which can affect performance and efficiency. Regular maintenance is crucial to address these issues.